INVESTIGATING METAPHOR IN MODERN GREEK INTERNET MEMES:
AN APPLIED APPROACH WITH L2 PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47249/rba.2020.v.432Palavras-chave:
conceptual metaphor, conceptual blends, humor, Internet memes, second language teachingResumo
Internet memes are a quite recent web-genre that makes use of metaphorical conceptualizations and humor. This paper draws on data from humorous metaphors in a small corpus of Greek memes posted on Facebook. The analysis suggests that common conventional metaphors underlie memes, such as emotions are forces, human body is a machine, and people are animals; however, several novel conceptualizations arise, fused into conceptual blends: coronavirus is war, low-paid is diseased, natural forces are people. The findings are interpreted in the light of the cognitive theory of metaphor and humor and they are discussed in terms of contextualizing metaphor and developing metaphoric competence or conceptual fluency within discourse-based L2 learning contexts.
Referências
ANDREOU, Georgia; galantomos, Giannis. Designing a conceptual syllabus for teaching metaphors and idioms in a foreign language context. Porta Languarum, v. 9, p. 69–77, 2008.
ANDREOU, Georgia; galantomos, Giannis. Conceptual competence as a component of second language fluency. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, v. 38, n. 6, p. 587–591, 2009.
ASKILDSON, Lance. Effects of humor in the language classroom: Humor as a pedagogical tool in theory and practice. Arizona Working Papers in SLAT, v. 12, p. 45–61, 2005.
attardo, Salvatore. The Routledge Handbook of Language and Humor. 1st ed. NY: Taylor & Francis, 2017, 556 p.
ATTARDO, Salvatore. Humorous metaphors. In: BRÔNE, Geert; FEYAERTS, Kurt; VEALE, Tony (Eds.), Humor and Cognitive Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2015, p. 91–110.
attardo, Salvatore. Linguistic Theories of Humour. 1st ed. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994, 448 p.
BELL, Nancy. Learning about and through humor in the second language classroom. Language Teaching Research, v. 13, n. 3, p. 241–258, 2009.
BERWALD, Jean-Pierre. Teaching French language and culture by means of humor. The French Review, v. 66, n. 2, p. 189–200, 1992.
boers, Frank. Remembering figurative idioms by hypothesising about their origins. Prospect, v. 16, p. 35–43, 2001.
boers, Frank. Metaphor awareness and vocabulary retention. Applied Linguistics, v. 21, p. 553–571, 2000. cameron, Lynne. Discourse context and the development of metaphor in children. Current Issues in Language
and Society, v. 3, p. 49–64, 1996.
charteris-black, Jonathan. Metaphor and vocabulary teaching in ESP economics. English for Specific
Purposes, v. 19, p. 149–65, 2000.
cope, Bill; kalantZis, Mary. Multiliteracies. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2000, 350 p.
coulson, Seana. Semantic Leaps: Frame-Shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction. 1st ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 320 p.
CROWSTON, Kevin; WILLIAMS, Marie. Reproduced and emergent genres of communication on the World-Wide Web. The Information Society, v. 16, p. 201–216, 2000.
danesi, Marcel. Conceptual errors in second-language learning. In: DE KOOP, Sabine; DE RYCKER, Teun (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to pedagogical grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, p. 231–256.
danesi, Marcel. Recent research on metaphor and the teaching of Italian. Italica, v. 71, p. 453–64, 1994. danesi, Marcel. The Role of Metaphor in Second Language Pedagogy. Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica
Applicata, v. 18, n. 3, p. 1–10, Sep-Dec 1986.
davies, Catherine Evans. How English-learners joke with native speakers: an interactional sociolinguistic
perspective on humor as collaborative discourse across cultures. Journal of Pragmatics, v. 35, p. 1361–85, 2003. dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989, 496 p.
deneire, Marc. Humor and foreign language teaching. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, v. 8, n. 3, p. 285–98, 1995.
dickerson, Nikolas. Constructing the Digitalized Sporting Body: Black and White Masculinity in NBA/ NHL Internet Memes. Communication and sport, v. 4, p. 303–330, 2016.
dyens, Ollivier. The Emotion of Cyberspace: Art and Cyber-Ecology. Leonardo, v. 27, n. 4, p. 327–333, 1994. DYNEL, Marta. I has seen Image Macros! Advice Animals memes as visual-verbal jokes. International Journal of
Communication, v. 10, p. 660–688, 2016.
fauconnier, Gilles. Mappings in Thought and Language. 1st ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997, 220 p.
gao, Li-qun; meng, Guo-hua. A study of the effect of metaphor awareness raising on Chinese EFL learners’ vocabulary acquisition and retention. Canadian Social Science, v. 6, p. 110–124, 2010.
gibbs, Raymond. Poetics of Mind. Figurative Thought, Language and Understanding. Cambridge: CUP, 1994, 538 p.
grady, Joseph; oakley, Todd; coulson, seana. Blending and Metaphor. In: GIBBS, Raymond; STEEN, Gerard (Eds.), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. John Benjamins Press, Amsterdam, p. 101–124, 1999.
holmes, Glyn. The humorist in the language laboratory. Modern Language Journal, v. 64, n. 2, p. 197–202, 1980.
hoang, Ha; boers, Frank. Gauging the association of EFL learners’ writing proficiency and their use of metaphorical language. System, 74, 1–8, 2018.
HOANG, Ha. Metaphor and second language learning: The state of the field. TESL-EJ, v. 18, n. 2, p. 1–27, August 2014.
kalyuga, Marika; kalyuga, Slava. Metaphor awareness in teaching vocabulary. Language Learning Journal, v. 36, p. 249–257, 2008.
kariko, Abdul Aziz Turhan. Humorous writing exercise using Internet Memes on English classes. Lingua Cultura, v. 5, p. 188–199, 2012.
kÖvecses, Zoltán. Metaphor. A Practical Introduction. 1st ed. Oxford: OUP, 2002, 395 p.
kÖvecses, Zoltán; SZABÓ, Peter. Idioms: a view from Cognitive Semantics. Applied Linguistics, v. 17, n. 3, p.
-55, 1996.
kÖvecses, Zoltán. Metaphor and the Folk Understanding of Anger. In: RUSSELL, J.A.; FERNÁNDEZ-DOLS, José-Miguel; MANSTEAD, Anthony; WELLEKAMP, Jane (Eds.), Everyday Conceptions of Emotion. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1995, p. 49–71.
krikmann, Arvo. Contemporary linguistic theories of humour. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, v. 33, p. 27–57, 2006.
kyratZis, Sakis. Laughing metaphorically: Metaphor and humour in discourse. Paper presented at the 8th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference 20–25 July 2003. Logroño: Universidad de La Rioja. Available at : http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/iclc/Papers/Kyratzis.pdf (2/2/2020).
lakoff, George; johnson, Mark. Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 1st ed. New York: Basic Books, 1999, 640 p.
lakoff, George. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In: ORTONY, Andrew (Ed.), Metaphor and thought. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 202-251, 1993.
lakoff, George; TURNER, Mark. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. 2nd ed. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989, 244 p.
lakoff, George; johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 294 p.
langacker, Ronald W. Concept, Image, and Symbol. The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. 1st ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991, 408 p.
langacker, Ronald W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical Prerequisites. 1st ed. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 1987, 529 p.
li, Thomas, Fuyin. Metaphor, image, and image schemas in second language pedagogy. 1st ed. Koln: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009, 244 p.
littlemore, Jeannette; low, Graham D. Metaphoric competence, second language learning, and communicative language ability. Applied Linguistics, v. 27, p. 268–294, 2006.
low, Graham. On teaching metaphor. Applied Linguistics v. 9, n. 2, p. 125–147, 1988.
lundmark, Carita. Metaphor and Creativity in British Magazine Advertising. 2005. 215 p. Doctoral Thesis.
(Linguistics in the Midnight Sun, Vol. 42). Luleå: Luleå University of Technology.
oxford, Rebecca. Teaching and researching language learning strategies: Self-regulation in context. 2nd Edition. NY, Routledge, 2016, 348 p.
pennington, Natalie; hall, Jeffrey A. An analysis of humor orientation on Facebook: A lens model approach. Humor, v. 27, p. 1–21, 2014.
piata, Anna. Stylistic humor across modalities: The case of Classical Art Memes. Internet Pragmatics, 2019. piata, Anna. When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal
of Pragmatics, v. 106, p. 39–56, 2016.
raskin, Victor. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985, 308 p.
oss, Stephen David. Metaphor, the Semantic Field, and Inexhaustibility. New Literary History, v. 18, n. 3, On Poetry, p. 517–533, Spring, 1987.
SCHMITZ, John Robert. Humor as a pedagogical tool in foreign language and translation courses. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, v. 15, n. 1, p. 89–113, 2002.
sherZer, Joel. Oh! That’s a pun and I didn’t mean it. Semiotica, v. 22, n. 3-4, p. 335–350, 1978.
shifman, Limor. Memes in Digital Culture. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2013, 214 p.
skoufaki, S. Conceptual metaphoric meaning clues in two idiom presentation methods. In: BOERS, Frank; LINDSTROMBERG, Seth (Eds.), Cognitive Linguistic approaches to teaching vocabulary and phraseology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 101–132, 2008.
tardy, Christine, M. Writing for the World: Wikipedia as an Introduction to Academic Writing. English Teaching Forum, v. 1, p. 12–27, 2010.
taylor, John, R. Cognitive Models of Polysemy. In: NERLICH, Brigitte; TODD, Zazie; HERMAN, Vimala; CLARKE, David (Eds.), Polysemy – Flexible Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 31–48, 2003.
trachtenberg, Susan. Joke-telling as a tool in ESL. TESOL Quarterly, v. 13, n. 1, p. 89–99, 1979.
trosborg, Anna. Metaphoric productions and preferences in second language learners. In: PARPOTTÉ, Wolf; DIRVEN, René (Eds.), The Ubiquity of Metaphor. Metaphor in Language and Thought. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 525–557, 1985.
tsakona, Villy. Humor in written narratives: a linguistic analysis. 2004. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Athens, Athens. (in Greek).
turner, Mark. The Literary Mind: The Origins of Thought and Language. 1st Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 208 pages.
villanueva, María Luisa; ruiZ-madrid, María Noelia; luZÓn, María José. Learner autonomy in digital environments: Conceptual framework. In: LUZÓN, María José; RUIZ-MADRID, María Noelia; VILLANUEVA, María Luisa (Eds.), Digital genres, new literacies and autonomy in language learning. Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars, p. 1–24, 2010.
wiggins, Bradley E.; bowers, Bret G. Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape. New Media & Society, v. 17, n. 11, p. 1886–1906, 2015.
wiggins Bradley E. The Discursive Power of Memes in Digital Culture: Ideology, Semiotics, and Intertextuality. 1st ed. Routledge, Londra, 2019, 180 p.
yasuda, Sachiko. Learning phrasal verbs through conceptual metaphors: A case of Japanese EFL learners. TESOL Quarterly, v. 44, n. 2, p. 250–273, 2010.
yoon, InJeong. Why is it not Just a Joke? Analysis of Internet Memes Associated with Racism and Hidden Ideology of Colorblindness. Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education, v. 33, p. 92–123, 2016.
Zanotto, Mara Sophia; cameron, Lynne; cavalcanti, Marlida C. Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2008, 315 p.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
